In order to be “effective”, such an investigation must firstly be adequate, which means that it must be capable of leading to the establishment of the facts and to a determination of whether the force used was or was not justified in the circumstances and of identifying and – if appropriate – punishing those responsible (see Jeronovičs, cited above, § 103). ![]() the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, no. Bulgaria, 28 October 1998, § 102, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1998 VIII, and for a full statement of principles by the Grand Chamber, El- Masri v. The obligation to carry out an e ffective investigation into allegations of treatment infringing Article 3 suffered at the hands of State agents is well established in the Court’s case-law (see Bouyid, cited above, §§ 114-23, Assenov and Others v. A selection of key paragraphs can be found below the judgment.
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